7.5. SNG from Coal: Process & Commercialization

The Dakota Gasification Company's (DGC) Great Plains Synfuels Plant (GPSP) located near Beulah, North Dakota, is the only coal-to-synthetic natural gas (SNG) gasification plant in operation worldwide, producing approximately 153 MM scf/day of SNG [56 billion scf/year] from 6 million tons/year of lignite. In addition to SNG, a variety of byproduct process trains have been incorporated to add flexibility to plant economics: GPSP also produces ammonia for use as fertilizer and pipes captured pre-combustion CO₂ to two Canadian oil fields for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR). The plant uses 14 Lurgi dry-ash gasifiers for syngas generation, adding an equilibrium-limited fixed bed bulk-methanation process for SNG synthesis. The technology is commercially proven, evidenced by the GPSP having been in operation since 1984.

Notwithstanding the success of the GPSP, advanced entrained-flow gasifers are of more interest in recent designs to eliminate the need for processing the tar byproducts. New gasification technologies are also being developed specifically for coal-to-SNG production; examples include hydrogasification and catalytic gasification.
Figure 1 shows an example of a simplified block flow diagram of a coal-to-SNG design as proposed by ConocoPhillips using their E-Gas™ gasification technology for syngas generation with Rectisol acid gas removal (AGR) and bulk-methanation process for SNG synthesis. As shown, the overall plant consists of three key processing areas:

• Gasification island, which includes coal handling and preparation, gasification and heat recovery, slag handling, high-temperature syngas cooling and particulate removal.
• Syngas cleanup and conditioning, which includes scrubbing, low-temperature heat recovery, water-gas-shift and sulfur recovery.
• SNG production and compression section, which consists of AGR, methanation, product dehydration and compression.

Supporting facilities include the air separation plant, the power train and other offsite plants such as water treatment. All are commercially demonstrated technologies.

The economic viability of producing synthetic natural gas (SNG) through coal gasification is heavily dependent on the market prices of natural gas and the coal feedstock to be used, in addition to the capital cost of the gasification plant. Costs of producing SNG via gasifying coal were estimated by the 2007 interdisciplinary MIT study to be from 6.7 to 7.5 dollars per million Btus.¹

Process Efficiency
Table 1 lists some of the published plant performance and efficiencies of the various coal-to-SNG design configurations. The data contained in this table is taken from references 2 and 3.

* SNG exported at 250-300 psig, not including compression to pipeline pressure. 
** Import power thermal energy assumes 32.8% coal-to-power conversion efficiency.

Table 1: Coal-to-SNG Process Performances

The Great Plains Synfuels Plant, which has seen gradual process improvements throughout the 25 years of operation, has an overall higher heating value (HHV) efficiency of 64.7%. This is based on 18,500 tons of lignite per day with a 6,900 Btu per lb HHV as an input and an output of 170 million standard cubic feet (scf) per day of SNG with an HHV of 972 Btu per cubic foot. In 2000, two large compressors were installed for transporting 105 million (scf) of compressed CO₂ (60% of the total CO₂ produced at the plant) through a 205 mile pipeline to Canadian oil fields for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Operations during 2007 demonstrated an overall plant capacity factor of 90%.

Hydrogen

• Why Hydrogen
• Hydrogen & Synthetic Natural Gas from Coal
• Technologies for Hydrogen Production
• Technology for SNG Production
• SNG from Coal: Process & Commercialization
  • Great Plains Synfuels Plant
  • Weyburn Project
  • Carbon Sequestration
• DOE Supported R&D for Production of Hydrogen