Carbon Storage R&D Project Review Meeting

August 21-23, 2012

Table of Contents

Disclaimer
Presentations

PRESENTATIONS

Tuesday, August 21, 2012

Welcoming Remarks [PDF-2.09MB]
John Litynski, U.S. DOE NETL, Carbon Storage Technology Manager

PLENARY SESSION – KEYNOTE PRESENTATIONS

Moderator: Mark Ackiewicz, U.S. DOE Office of Fossil Energy, Division Director of CCS Research

U.S. EPA Carbon Storage Regulatory and R&D Development Update

U.S. EPA's Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program [PDF-913KB]
Lisa Bacanskas, U.S. EPA Office of Air and Radiation
Underground Injection Control Class VI Technical Guidance Documents [PDF-832KB]
Bruce Kobelski, U.S. EPA Office of Water
U.S. EPA's Research on Carbon Geosequestration [PDF-1.45MB]
Barbara Klieforth, U.S. EPA Research & Innovation Center
Future Prospects and Challenges for CCUS Deployment [PDF-437KB]
George Peridas, Natural Resources Defense Council

Carbon, Storage, Utilization, and Transport Models – Measuring R&D Benefits

FE/NETL CTS Cost Models and Benefits Assessment of Storage R&D [PDF-353KB]
David Morgan, U.S. DOE NETL, Office of Program Planning and Analysis
Integration of CTUS and EOR Modules for National Benefits Assessments [PDF-301KB]
Chuck Zelek, U.S. DOE NETL, Office of Program Planning and Analysis

Moderator: Bruce Brown, U.S. DOE NETL, Infrastructure Coordinator

Plains CO2 Reduction Partnership [PDF-7.60MB]
Charles Gorecki, UNDEERC
Southeast Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership – Citronelle Field [PDF-2.28MB]
Gerald Hill, Southern States Energy Board and
Richard Esposito, Southern Company

PARALLEL SESSIONS

Infrastructure 1

(ARRA Site Characterization) - Characterization of the Triassic Newark Basin of Southeastern New York/Northern New Jersey [PDF-2.69MB]
Phil Papadeas, Sandia Technologies, LLC
(ARRA Site Characterization) - Geologic Characterization of the South Georgia Rift Basin for CO2 Storage [PDF-4.39MB]
Bill Clendenin, South Carolina Research Foundation
(ARRA Site Characterization) - Site Characterization for CO2 Storage from Coal-fired Power Facilities in the Black Warrior Basin of Alabama [PDF-8.40MB]
Peter Clark, Jack Pashin, and Andrew Goodliffe, University of Alabama
(ARRA Site Characterization) - An Evaluation of the Carbon Sequestration Potential of the Cambro-Ordovician Strata of the Illinois and Michigan Basins [PDF-3.12MB]
Hannes Leetaru, University of Illinois
(ARRA Site Characterization) - Modeling CO2 Sequestration in Saline Aquifer and Depleted Oil Reservoir to Evaluate Regional CO2 Sequestration Potential of Ozark Plateau Aquifer System, South-Central Kansas [PDF-4.31MB]
Lynn Watney, University of Kansas Center for Research, Inc.

Geologic Storage 1

Comparison of CO2 Storage Resource Methodologies [PDF-3.09MB]
Angela Goodman, NETL Research & Innovation Center
Assessment of Factors Influencing Effective CO2 Storage Capacity and Injectivity in Eastern Gas Shales [PDF-2.27MB]
Mike Godec, Advanced Resources Intl., Inc.
CO2 Saline Storage Demonstration in Colorado Sedimentary Basins: Applied Studies in Reservoir Assessment and Dynamic Processes [PDF-4.45MB]
Dag Nummedal, Colorado School of Mines and U.S. Geological Survey Denver, CO
Interdisciplinary Investigation of the CO2 Sequestration in Depleted Shale Gas Formations [PDF-1.70MB]
Jennifer Wilcox, Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University
Sequestration of CO2 in Basalt Formations [PDF-2.07MB]
H. Todd Schaef, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

MVA 1

Double-Difference Tomography for Sequestration MVA [PDF-1.67MB]
Erik Westman, Virginia Tech
Development and Deployment of a Compact Eye-Safe Scanning Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) for Spatial Mapping of Carbon Dioxide for Monitoring/ Verification/Accounting at Geologic Sequestration Sites [PDF-1.91MB]
Kevin Repasky, Montana State University
Review and Summary of the Inelastic Neutron Scattering (INS) System for Below-ground Soil Analysis [PDF-1.21MB]
Lucian Wielopolski, Brookhaven National Laboratory
The Global Monitor Platform, A Field Ready 14CO2 Analyzer: Applications for Carbon, Capture and Storage Projects [PDF-2.05MB]
Bruno Marino, Planetary Emissions Management, Inc. and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Groundwater Monitoring to Verify Storage Permanence [PDF-1.23MB]
Ale Hakala, NETL - Research & Innovation Center

Simulation/Risk Assessment 1

Geomechanical Simulation of CO2 Leakage and Cap Rock Remediation [PDF-4.43MB]
Runar Nygaard, Missouri University of Science and Technology (Miner Circle)
Reducing the Risk of Induced Seismicity from CO2 Sequestration within the Illinois Basin [PDF-6.39MB]
Mark Person, New Mexico Tech and Technology and Los Alamos National Laboratory
Project Results from Simulation Framework for Regional Geologic CO2 Storage Infrastructure along Arches Province of Midwest United States [PDF-3.49MB]
Joel Sminchak, Battelle Memorial Institute
Simulation of Coupled Processes of Flow, Transport, and Storage of CO2 in Saline Aquifers [PDF-734KB]
Philip Winterfeld, Colorado School of Mines and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
The Coal-Seq Consortium: Advancing the Science of CO2 Sequestration in Coal Bed and Gas Shale Reservoirs [PDF-696KB]
George Koperna, Advanced Resources International

Infrastructure 2

Rocky Mountain Site Characterization Project: Review [PDF-9.49MB]
Brian McPherson and Wayne Rowe, University of Utah (ARRA Site Characterization)
The Rock Springs Uplift, Wyoming: An Outstanding Geological CO2 Storage Site [PDF-5.09MB]
Ronald Surdam, University of Wyoming Carbon Management Institute (ARRA Site Characterization)
Characterization of Pliocene and Miocene Formations in the Wilmington Graben, Offshore Los Angeles, for Large Scale Geologic Storage of CO2 [PDF-4.70MB]
Bill Childers, Geomechanical Technologies (ARRA Site Characterization)
Shallow Carbon Sequestration Demonstration Project [PDF-1.89MB]
Gary Pendergrass, City Utilities of Springfield

Geologic Storage 2

Quantification of Wellbore Leakage Risk Using Non-Destructive Borehole Logging Techniques [PDF-1.39MB]
Dwight Peters, Schlumberger CarbonServices
Carbon Dioxide Sealing Capacity: Textural or Compositional Controls [PDF-2.76MB]
Constantin Cranganu, Research Foundation of CUNY on behalf of Brooklyn College
Analysis of Potential Leakage Pathways and Mineralization Within Caprocks for Geologic Storage of CO2 [PDF-MB]
Peter Mozely, New Mexico Tech

MVA 2

GEO-SEQ [PDF-2.17MB]
Barry Freifeld, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Ketzin Collaboration [PDF-1.72MB]
Barry Freifeld, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Passive Wireless Surface Acoustic Wave CO2 Sensor for Carbon Storage Sites Monitoring [PDF-2.41MB]
Yizhong Wang, University of Pittsburgh
Development and Deployment of a Compact Eye-Safe Scanning Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) for Spatial Mapping of CO2 for MVA at Geologic Sequestration Sites [PDF-1.35MB]
Kevin Repasky, Montana State University

Simulation/Risk Assessment 2

Web-Based CO2 Subsurface Modeling [PDF-3.78MB]
Christopher Paolini, San Diego State University Research Foundation
High Fidelity Computational Analysis of CO2 Trappings at Pore-Scales [PDF-1.25MB]
Vinod Kumar, The University of Texas at El Paso
Numerical Modeing of Geomechanical Processes Related to CO2 Injection within Generic Reservoirs [PDF-1.2MB]
Andreas Eckert, Missouri University of Science and Technology
Actualistic and Geochemical Modeling of Reservoir Rock, CO2 and Formation Fluid Interaction, Citronelle Oil Field, Alabama [PDF-1.61MB]
Amy Weislogel, West Virginia University

Wednesday, August 22, 2012

PLENARY SESSION – KEYNOTE PRESENTATIONS
Moderator: Robert Wright, U.S. DOE Office of Fossil Energy, Senior Advisor

International Carbon Storage Projects Update

IEAGHG Activities on CO2 Geological Storage [PDF-882KB]
John Gale, IEAGHG Greenhouse Gas R&D Programe
Nagaoka Post-monitoring Update and Recent Research Activities in Japan [PDF-1.52MB]
Saeko Mito-Adachi, RITE
CCUS Project Developments and Policy Drivers in Canada [PDF-1.73MB]
Neil Wildgust, Petroleum Technology Research Centre
Induced Seismicity Potential in Energy Technologies [PDF-1MB]
Murray Hitzman, Colorado School of Mines - National Research Council
Southwest Regional Partnership on Carbon Sequestration [PDF-5.86MB]
Brian McPherson, University of Utah and Reid Grigg, New Mexico Tech

Moderator: Darian Ghorbi, U.S. DOE Office of Fossil Energy

Midwest Geological Sequestration Consortium [PDF-12MB]
Robert Finley, Illinois State Geological Survey
Midwest Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership [PDF-6.29MB]
Darrell Paul and Neeraj Gupta, Battelle

PARALLEL SESSIONS

Infrastructure 3

South Louisiana EOR/Sequestration Demonstration Project [PDF-2.50MB]
Roger Hite, Blackhorse Energy, LLC
Small Scale Field Test Demonstrating CO2 Sequestration in Arbuckle Saline Aquifer and by CO - EOR at Wellington Field, Sumner County, Kansas [PDF-3.79MB]
Lynn Watney, Kansas Geological Survey
Virginia Center for Coal & Energy Research - Injecting CO2 into Unconventional Storage Reservoirs in the Central Appalachian Basin with an Emphasis on ECBM Recovery to Validate Prior Geological Characterization [PDF-9.70MB]
Nino Ripepi, Virginia Tech
CO2 Sequestration in Unmineable Coal with Enhanced Coal Bed Methane Recovery [PDF-1.79MB]
Jim Locke, CONSOL Energy, Inc.
"Carbonsheds" as a Framework for Optimizing US CCS Pipeline Transport on a Regional to National Scale [PDF-690KB]
Lincoln Pratson, Duke University

Geologic Storage 3

Advanced CO2 Leakage Mitigation using Engineered Biomineralized Sealing Technologies [PDF-3.35MB]
Lee Spangler, Montana State University
Maximization of Permanent Trapping of CO2 and Co-Contaminants in the Highest Porosity Formations of the Rock Spring Uplift (Southwest Wyoming): Experimentation and Multi-Scale Modeling [PDF-1.78MB]
Mohammad Piri, University of Wyoming
Influence of Local Capillary Trapping on Containment System Effectiveness [PDF-3.08MB]
Steven Bryant, University of Texas at Austin
Prototyping and Testing a New Volumetric Curvature Tool for Modeling Reservoir Compartments and Leakage Pathways in the Arbuckle Saline Aquifer: Reducing Uncertainty in CO2 Storage and Permanence [PDF-3.74MB]
Jason Rush, University of Kansas Center for Research, Inc.
Experimental Study of Carbonation Kinetics for Olivine and Basalt [PDF-4.47MB]
Zhengrong Wang, Yale University

MVA / Geologic Storage

Snøhvit Storage Project [PDF-1.16MB]
Josh White, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Weyburn-Midale CO2 Storage and Monitoring [PDF-3.20MB]
Neil Wildgust, PTRC
In Salah Storage Project [PDF-1.20MB]
Josh White, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Carbon Sequestration Support to Collaborative Efforts in China [PDF-2.23MB]
Susan Carroll, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Collaboration with China on Clean Energy Research [PDF-1.76MB]
Alain Bonneville, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

Simulation/Risk Assessment 3

Inexpensive Modeling and Uncertainty Assessment of CO2 Plume Migration [PDF-1.49MB]
Steven Bryant, University of Texas at Austin
Training and Research on Probabilistic Hydro- Thermo-Mechanical (HTM) Modeling of CO2 Geological Sequestration (GS) in Fractured Porous Rocks [PDF-3.08MB]
Marte Gutierrez, Colorado School of Mines
Risk Assessment and monitoring of Stored CO2 in Organic Rocks under Non-Equilibrium Conditions [PDF-2.07MB]
Vivak Malhotra, Southern Illinois University Carbondale
Reducing Uncertainties in Model Predictions via History Matching of CO2 Migration at the Sleipner Project, Norwegian North Sea [PDF-1.68MB]
Chen Zhu, Indiana University
Training Students in Simulation and Risk Assessment for Carbon Sequestration [PDF-18.45MB]
John McCray, Colorado School of Mines

Geologic Storage 4

Geologic Sequestration Training and Research [PDF-1.03MB]
Peter Walsh, University of Alabama at Birmingham
Urbana Champaign - Understanding the Impact of CO2 Injection on the Subsurface Microbial Community in an Illinois Basin CCS Reservoir: Integrated Student Training in Geoscience and Geomicrobiology [PDF-2.28MB]
Dong Yiran, University of Illinois
Geoscience Perspectives in Carbon Sequestration: Educational Training and Research ThroughClassroom, Field, and Laboratory Investigations [PDF-1.67MB]
David Wronkiewicz, Missouri University of Science and Technology
Training Students to Analyze Spatial and Temporal Heterogeneities in Reservoir and Seal Petrology, Mineralogy, and Geochemistry: Implications for CO2 Sequestration Prediction, Simulation, and Monitoring [PDF-4MB]
Brenda B. Bowen, Purdue University
Gulf of Mexico Miocene CO2 Site Characterization Mega Transect [PDF-5.84MB]
Ramon Trevino, University of Texas at Austin (ARRA Site Characterization)

Carbon Utilization

Beneficial Use of CO2 in Precast Concrete Production [PDF-1.16MB]
Yixin Shao, McGill University
Chemical Fixation of CO2 to Acrylates Using Low-Valent Molybdenum Sources [PDF-707KB]
Wesley Bernskoetter, Brown University
Integrated Electrochemical Processes for CO2 Capture and Conversion to Commodity Chemicals [PDF-1.63MB]
Timothy Jamison, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
High Efficiency Solar-Based Catalytic Structure for CO2 Reforming [PDF-1.71MB]
Hisham Menkara, PhosphorTech Corporation
Utilization of CO2 in High Performance Building and Infrastructure Products [PDF-1.58MB]
Richard Riman, Solidia Technologies
Conversion of CO2 into Commercial Materials Using Carbon Feedstocks [PDF-748KB]
Brian Turk, Research Triangle Institute

MVA 3

Improving CO2 MVA with Multicomponent Seismic Technology [PDF-1.87MB]
Bob Hardage, University of Texas at Austin (BEG)
Development a 1,000 Level 3C Fiber Optic Borehole Seismic Receiver Array Applied to Carbon Sequestration [PDF-5.12MB]
Bjorn Paulsson, Paulsson, Inc.
Advanced Technologies for Monitoring CO2 Saturation and Pore Pressure in Geologic Formations: Linking the Chemical and Physical Effects to Elastic and Transport Properties [PDF-3.30MB]
Gary Mavko, Stanford University
Feasibility of Geophysical Monitoring of Carbon- Sequestrated Deep Saline Aquifers [PDF-1.45MB]
Subhashis Mallick, University of Wyoming
Rock Physics Of Geologic Carbon Sequestration/Storage [PDF-920KB]
Jack Dvorkin, Board of Trustees of Leland Stanford Junior University

Simulation/Risk Assessment 4

Comprehensive, Quantitative Risk Assessment of CO2 Geologic Sequestration [PDF-1.90MB]
James Lepinski, Headwaters Clean Carbon Services and Los Alamos National Laboratory
Development of a Software Framework for System Risk Assessment [PDF-664KB]
Ian Miller, GoldSim Technology Group and Los Alamos National Laboratory
Basin-Scale Leakage Risks from Geologic Carbon Sequestration: Impact on CCS Energy Market Competiveness [PDF-1.62MB]
Jeffrey Fitts, Princeton University and Brookhaven National Lab
Developing a Comprehensive Risk Assessment Framework for Geological Storage of CO2 [PDF-762KB]
Ian Duncan, University of Texas at Austin (BEG)
Modeling and Risk Assessment of CO2 Sequestration at the Geologic-Basin Scale [PDF-8.02MB]
Ruben Juanes, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Thursday, August 23, 2012

PARALLEL SESSIONS

Geologic Storage 5

Management of Water from CCS [PDF-488KB]
Chris Harto, Argonne National Laboratory
Active CO2 Reservoir Management[PDF-964KB]
Tom Wolery, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Large-Scale Hydrological Impacts of CO2 Storage Basin: Scale Simulations and Pressure Management [PDF-3MB]
Jens Birkholzer, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Nature and Dynamics of the Reservoir/Caprock Contact and Implications for Carbon Storage Performance [PDF-3.08MB]
Peter Mozley, New Mexico Tech and Sandia National Laboratory
Proof-of-Feasibility of Using Wellbore Deformation as a Diagnostic Tool to Improve CO2 Sequestration [PDF-2.96MB]
Larry Murdoch, Clemson University

Geologic Storage 6

The Potential Risks of Freshwater Aquifer Contamination with Geosequestration [PDF-2.10MB]
Rob Jackson, Duke University
Coupled Hydro-Chemo-Mechanical Phenomena in Carbon Geo-Storage [PDF-6.76MB]
J. Carlos Santamarina, Georgia Tech
Geo-Chemo-Mechanical Studies for Permanent CO2 Storage in Geologic Reservoirs [PDF-2.74MB]
Alissa Park, Columbia University
Microbial and Chemical Enhancement of In-Situ Carbon Mineralization in Geological Formations [PDF-1.83MB]
Alissa Park, Columbia University
CO2-Water-Rock Interactions and the Integrity of Hydrodynamic Seals [PDF-2.30MB]
Bill Carey, Los Alamos National Laboratory

MVA 4

Radiocarbon as a Reactive Tracer for Tracking Permanent CO2 Storage in Basaltic Rocks [PDF-1.26MB]
Jennifer Hall, Columbia University
Measurements of 222Rn, 220Rn, and CO2 Emissions in Natural CO2 Fields in Wyoming: MVA Techniques for Determining Gas Transport and Caprock Integrity [PDF-1.77MB]
Virginia Marcon, University of Wyoming
In Situ MVA of CO2 Sequestration Using Smart Field Technology [PDF-2.85MB]
Shahab Mohaghegh, West Virginia University Research Corporation
Training Toward Advanced 3D Seismic Methods for CO2 Monitoring, Verification, and Accounting [PDF-1.98MB]
Jianjun Zeng, University of Houston
Combining Space Geodesy, Seismology, and Geochemistry for Monitoring, Verification, and Accounting of CO2 in Sequestration Sites [PDF-1.63MB]
Tim Dixon and Peter Swart, University of Miami/University of South Florida

Simulation/Risk Assessment 5

Intermediate Scale Laboratory Testing to Understand Mechanisms of Capillary and Dissolution Trapping during Injection and Post-Injection of CO2 in Heterogeneous Geological Formations [PDF-4.63MB]
Abdullah Cihan, Colorado School of Mines - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Sim-SEQ: A Model Comparison Initiative for Geologic Carbon Sequestration [PDF-2.49MB]
Sumit Mukhopadhyay, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Monitoring and Numerical Modeling of Shallow CO2 Injection, Greene, County, Missouri [PDF-2.18MB]
Charles Rovey, Missouri State University
Understanding of Multiphase Flow for Improved Injectivity and Trapping [PDF-2.48MB]
Dustin Crandall, NETL Research & Innovation Center
Experimental Design Applications for Modeling and Assessing Carbon Dioxide Sequestration in Saline Aquifers [PDF-1.96MB]
John Rogers, Fusion Petroleum Technologies, Inc.

Geologic Storage 7

GEO-SEQ: Monitoring of Geological CO2 Sequestration Using Isotopes and Perfluorocarbon Tracers [PDF-MB]
Tommy Phelps, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Improved Predictions of Fluid Properties and Mineral Reaction Kinetics [PDF-1.35MB]
Bob Dilmore, NETL Research & Innovation Center
Enhanced porosity and permeability within carbonate CO2 storage reservoirs: An experimental and modeling study [PDF-3.54MB]
Susan Carroll, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
A Modular Curriculum for Training University Students in Industry Standard CO2 Sequestration and Enhanced Oil Recovery Methodologies [PDF-1.57MB]
Emily Stoudt, University of Texas of the Permian Basin

Geologic Storage 8

Zero Emissions Research and Technology (ZERT) II – Investigating the Fundamental Scientific Issues Affecting the Longterm Geologic Storage of Carbon Dioxide [PDF-7.33MB]
Lee Spangler, Montana State University
Multi-Objective Optimization Approaches for the Design of Carbon Geological Sequestration Systems [PDF-3.98MB]
Domenico Baú, Colorado State University
Advanced Co- Sequestration Studies [PDF-2.31MB]
B. Peter McGrail, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Site Characterization for Direct Injection Demonstration Project: Caledonia Mine, Keweenaw Copper Belt, Michigan [PDF-700KB]
Paul Metz, University of Alaska Fairbanks

MVA 5

Tagging CO2 To Enable Quantitative Inventories of Geological Carbon Storage [PDF-1.78MB]
Cantwell Carson, Columbia University
Development and Deployment of MVA Tools [PDF-1.24MB]
Sam Clegg, Los Alamos National Laboratory
Space Geodesy and Geochemistry Applied to Monitoring and Verification of Carbon Capture and Storage [PDF-2.72MB]
Peter Swart and Tim Dixon, University of Miami
Do microbes matter in GCS? Investigating bacterial activity under supercritical CO2 [PDF-1.76MB]
Janelle Thompson, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Simulation/Risk Assessment 6

Modeling and Evaluation of Geophysical Methods for Monitoring and Tracking CO2 Migration in the Subsurface [PDF-1.63MB]
Kyle Shalek, The Ohio State University
Geomechanical Simulation of Fluid-Driven Fractures [PDF-1.36MB]
Joseph Labuz, University of Minnesota
Molecular Simulation of Dissolved Inorganic Carbons for Underground Brine CO2 Sequestrations [PDF-3.90MB]
William Goddard, California Institute of Technology
System Modeling and Science of Geologic CO2 Sequestration [PDF-2.23MB]
Rajesh Pawar, Los Alamos National Laboratory

PLENARY SESSION – KEYNOTE PRESENTATIONS
Moderator: Traci Rodosta, U.S. DOE NETL, Carbon Sequestration Division Director

Southeast Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership – Cranfield [PDF-3.76MB]
Susan Hovorka, Texas Bureau of Economic Geology
Big Sky Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership [PDF-8.57MB]
Lee Spangler, Montana State University
West Coast Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership [PDF-2.84MB]
Elizabeth Burton, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

NETL Conference Services Information
National Energy Technology Laboratory
Phone: (412) 386-6044 FAX: (412) 386-6486
E-mail: kimberly.yavorsky@netl.doe.gov

Disclaimer
This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government or any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. NOTE: The papers listed above are in Portable Document Format (PDF). It is recommended to use the Adobe Acrobat Reader 7.0 or newer from Adobe Systems, Inc. to view the Proceedings.