The main objective of this project is to quantify the changes in fracture porosity and structure and multi-phase transport properties, including fracture-matrix interactions, as a function of confining stress. Extensional and shear fractures are considered.

Program
This project was selected in response to DOE Oil Exploration and Production solicitation DE-PS26-04NT15450-3B, with a focus on Enhanced Oil Recovery. One goal of the solicitation was to promote understanding of fractures and methods for increasing oil recovery.

Pennsylvania State University
University Park, PA

The main driver for the project is the great need to accurately model and optimize transport in fractured systems, in order to improve industry's limited understanding of the detailed physics of these transport phenomena.

Project Results 
The project achieved the ability to map in three dimensions the distribution of oil and water in a fracture and relate that distribution to effective permeability at various fractional flows-including hysteresis effects-and to fracture-matrix interaction.

Benefits 
The results provide new understanding of two-phase flow in fractures, including fracture-matrix interactions, and should improve modeling of fluid transport in fractured formations.

Project Summary
Among the project's achievements:

• Fracture topoplogy was obtained using x-ray computed tomography (CT) to include fracture surfaces, fracture volume, and structural relation to the matrix.
• Oil and water occupancy in the fracture was measured by CT and related to effective permeabilities of the two phases.
• Counter-current imbibition between the fracture and the matrix was documented and quantified and shown to be significant and rapid.
• Effects of changing confining stress on fracture properties have been quantified, including the changes in occupancy and transport of oil and water. Significant differences in oil-water occupancies in shear fractures parallel and perpendicular to bedding were observed.

(August 2005)
The project is proceeding under a 1 year, no-cost extension and will be completed by Sept. 20, 2005.

Publication 
Seven semi-annual reports to DOE. Two MSc and two PhD theses. 

Karpyn, Z., Alajmi, A., Parada, C., Grader, A., Halleck, P., and Karacan, O., Mapping Fracture Apertures Using Micro-Computed Tomography, The Society of Core Analysis 2003 International Symposium, Pau-France. SCA2003-50, p. 575-580. 

Nazridoust, K., Ahmadi, G., Karpyn, Z., Grader, A., Halleck, P., Mazaheri, A., and Smith, D., Single-Phase and Multi-Phase Fluid Flow through an Artificially Induced, CT-Scanned Fracture, 15th International Conference on Computational Methods in Water Resources, June 13-17, 2004, Chapel Hill, NC.

Karpyn, Z., Alajmi, A., Radaelli, F., Halleck, P.M., and Grader, A.S., A Correlation between Fracture Apertures and Properties of the Surrounding Layered Sandstone Matrix, 32nd International Geological Congress, Aug. 20-28, 2004, Florence, Italy.

Mohammed, N., Al Enezi, S., Halleck, P. M., Elsworth, D., and Grader, A. S., Effects of Bedding Plane Orientations on Two-Phase Flow in Shear Fractures. Eos Trans. AGU, 85(47), Fall Meeting Supplement, Abstract H11B-0300, 2004. 

Karpyn, Z., Halleck, P. M., Grader, A. S., and Elsworth, D., Dynamic Micro-CT Study of Fracture-Matrix Flow during Capillary Imbibition in Layered Berea Sandstone. Eos Trans. AGU, 85(47), Fall Meeting Supplement, Abstract H11B-0297, 2004. 

Karpyn, Z. T., Grader, A. S., and Halleck, P.M., Characterization of two-phase fluid residence inside a fracture with variable aperture, In Preparation for GRL, 2005. 

Karpyn, Z. T., Halleck, P.M., and Grader, A.S., Fracture-matrix transport dominated by capillary-driven flow in layered sandstone, Water Resources Research, submitted for review (2005WR004371), 2005. 

$439,887

$110,154 (25% of total) 

NETL - Virginia Weyland (virginia.weyland@netl.doe.gov or 918-699-2041) 
Penn State University - Abraham S. Grader (grader@pnge.psu.edu or 814-865-5813)