Brine Extraction Storage Tests (BEST)

North Dakota Brine Treatment Facility – Waterford City, North Dakota. Photo courtesy of UND EERC DE-FE0026160.

Brine Extraction Storage Tests (BEST) Overview:

The United States (U.S.) Department of Energy (DOE) supports a unique set of projects, known as the Brine Extraction Storage Test (BEST) projects, which are investigating the use of active reservoir management (ARM) to manage reservoir pressure and storage efficiency for carbon dioxide (CO₂) storage sites that may call for such measures. ARM combines brine production with CO₂ injection to relieve pressure buildup, increase injectivity, manipulate CO₂ migration, and constrain brine leakage, should it occur. Utilization of ARM could also increase CO₂ storage capacity and expand site-selection opportunities. Technologies associated with ARM include, but are not limited to, use of multiple injection and extraction wells for pressure management, strategies for steering the plume in order to maximize use of storage pore space and minimize plume footprint, strategies for use/reuse/re-injection of extracted waters, water treatment/desalination methods, and automated operations control systems. These BEST projects have followed a two-phased research approach.

BEST Phase I – Feasibility Evaluation

Five Phase I projects (completed) carried out modeling and other analyses to support development of pressure management strategies for potential field projects, focusing on five areas/formations representing important potential geologic storage opportunities in the United States. The modeling studies showed how the reservoir characteristics of the various potential storage formations would impact pressure reduction achieved for various injection/extraction scenarios. Life cycle analysis (LCA) studies performed by the projects highlighted the likelihood of encountering very high total dissolved solids (TDS) brines in many saline formation storage projects, as well as the challenges of handling these brines. Overall results from the Phase I Feasibility Evaluation includes the following:

LCA studies on extracted brine-handling options suggest that an underground injection control (UIC) well has a lower environmental impact than brine treatment because brine treatment requires removal of suspended solids from the extracted brine.
Minimizing transportation distances, brine disposal costs (via volume reduction), and pre-treatment costs are important components of cost control.
Modeling results showed that passive extraction is not as effective as active extraction and it comes with higher investment (double the number of perforated wells is needed), but for sites where brine treatment cannot be done or can be done at a small scale only, passive extraction could be the favored option in order to reduce the large volumes of brine brought up to surface using active extraction.
Maximizing the extraction of fresh water from the brine stream will greatly reduce disposal costs (and transportation costs), unless a market is found for “clean brine” products.

BEST Phase II – Field Demonstrations

Image of an electric rig drilling injection well TIW-2 at Plant Smith Generating Station. Photo courtesy of EPRI DE-FE0026140.

Two projects have advanced to Phase II (ongoing) to validate brine extraction strategies through injection/extraction of brine and monitoring of differential pressures at active wastewater disposal facilities. Both Phase II projects also host facilities for testing emerging enhanced water recovery (EWR) technologies. Working at field sites provided by industrial partners, the research involves the injection and extraction of brine from deep saline formations, predictive modeling of the differential pressure plume (differential pressure is defined as the difference in pressure at a point in the reservoir before and after injection begins) and monitoring to validate pressure management approaches. Extracted brines will be utilized as a part of a test bed for brine treatment technologies. Phase II projects are being carried out in the Williston Basin and Gulf Coast.

BEST Phase I Project Landing Pages
Brine Extraction and Treatment Strategies to Enhance Pressure Management and Control of CO₂ Plumes in Deep Geologic Foundation	Illinois State Geological Survey
	FE0026136
Pressure Management and Plume Control Strategies Through a Brine Extraction Storage Test (BEST) at the Devine Test Site (DTS) in Texas	University of Texas at Austin
	FE0026137
Field Demonstration of an Active Reservoir Pressure Management Through Fluid Injection and Displaced Fluid Extraction at Rock Springs Uplift	University of Wyoming
	FE0026159
BEST Phase II Project Landing Pages
Phase II Field Demonstration at Plant Smith Generating Station Assessment of Opportunities for Optimal Reservoir Pressure Control, Plume Management and Produced Water Strategies	Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)
	FE0026140
Developing and Validating Pressure Management and Plume Control Strategies in the Williston Basin Through a Brine Extraction and Storage Test (BEST)	University of North Dakota Energy and Environmental Research Center (UNDEERC)
	FE0026160

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